Post haste north branch mn
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2008), however, their lifespan is shorter than those fed on high carbohydrate:protein fixed diets. Contrary to the results of most geometric nutritional studies ( Bruce et al. When presented with a choice diet, flies consume an equivalent amount of protein and a higher carbohydrate:protein ratio than they do when fed a nutritionally equivalent fixed diet.
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We found that flies were longer-lived when aged in an environment in which all dietary components were mixed together (termed a fixed diet) compared to one in which the two macronutrients, yeast and sugar, were available separately (termed a choice diet). We have recently reported that how a meal is presented, or perhaps the way in which it is eaten, modulates aging in Drosophila ( Ro et al. 2013 Steenfeldt, Sorensen, and Nielsen 2018), may be influential. 2014), and even the presence of choice itself ( Avondo et al. Macronutrient intake will almost surely not be the only factor here, because sensory perception of specific nutrients ( Ostojic et al. The long-term effects of a complex nutritional environment and the accompanying dietary choices on physiology and healthy aging are unknown. Short-term experiments in heterogeneous nutritional environments, where animals are given a choice of two foods with different macronutrient ratios, reveal a behavioral preference for a diet that is high in carbohydrate and low in protein, suggesting that animals will adjust their dietary choices to optimize evolutionary fitness ( Lee et al. For example, in homogenous nutritional environments where all nutrients are mixed together in a single food, animals fed a high carbohydrate–low protein diet generally live longer than siblings fed a calorically equivalent low carbohydrate–high protein diet ( Lee et al. 2015), have made it clear that dietary composition and availability of specific nutrients are often more relevant than calories in shaping life histories. 2008), together with comprehensive experiments that manipulate diet in model systems ( Skorupa et al. More recently, however, conceptual advances such as the geometric framework for nutrition ( Lee et al.
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For many years it was believed that the caloric content of the food and the amount of energy consumed by the animal were the driving forces behind the effects of restriction on lifespan ( Masoro 2005). Research over the past century on the effects of dietary restriction has revealed how food characteristics influence healthy aging ( Fontana and Partridge 2015 Tatar, Post, and Yu 2014). In mammals, increased lifespan in response to DR is accompanied by a broad-spectrum improvement in health during aging ( Weindruch and Walford 1988 Longo and Finch 2003 Barger et al. Dietary restriction (DR, also called caloric restriction) is now known to effectively increase the lifespan of nearly every species to which it has been applied. 1986 Weindruch and Walford 1982) revealed that limiting total food intake or reducing diet quality, without malnutrition, increased lifespan. 1993 Chapman and Partridge 1996) and rodents ( McCay, Crowell, and Maynard 1935 Weindruch et al. Interest in the nutritional determinants of aging date back to the early 1900’s, as experiments in fruit flies ( Chippindale et al. Our results reveal a mechanism of aging that applies in natural conditions, including our own, in which organisms continuously perceive and evaluate nutrient availability to promote fitness and well-being.įor nearly all metazoans, many aspects of biology are continuously influenced by information about nutrient availability. Knockdown of glutamate dehydrogenase, a key TCA pathway component, abrogates the effect of dietary choice on lifespan. Meal choice elicits a rapid metabolic reprogramming that indicates a potentiation of TCA cycle and amino acid metabolism, which requires serotonin 2A receptor. We demonstrate that behavior, metabolism, and lifespan in Drosophila are affected by whether flies are provided a choice of different nutrients or a single, complete medium, largely independent of the amount of nutrients that are consumed. Despite early experiments suggesting that reduced caloric intake augmented lifespan, accumulating evidence indicates that other characteristics of the diet may be equally or more influential in modulating aging. It has been recognized for nearly a century that diet modulates aging.